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13 Interesting Facts When Are Sunflowers In Season In South Africa | How Much Is A Ton Of Sunflower In South Africa
- It is critical to reduce the threat of Sclerotinia in local crop production due to its wide host range and ability to survive. Increased occurrence and incidence of this pathogen on susceptible hosts will also impact on the maize and sorghum industries in reducing options for maize/sorghum crop rotation systems. It will also impact on maize/sorghum prices should large areas of arable land be planted to monoculture maize/sorghum. Should the present rains persist well into the season, producers can expect increased Sclerotinia head rots this season. - Source: Internet
- Control of broadleaf weeds and volunteer sunflowers reduces possible inoculum increase by reducing possible alternate hosts of Sclerotinia. The importance of keeping fields clean of weeds and volunteer plants before planting and during the growing season cannot be overemphasised. This reduces initial infections that can infect the present crop. - Source: Internet
- In recent online surveys (sunflower and soybeans) of the South African Sclerotinia Research Network (SASRN) between 2019 and 2021, where producers reported to Dr Lisa Rothman from the Free State University, a total of 16 responses were provided with a majority (n = 14) of the reports from the 2019/2020 season. Sunflower producers from the Free State (n = 4) and North West (n=4), as well as six soybean producers from Mpumalanga and one producer from KwaZulu-Natal provided estimates of Sclerotinia stalk and head rot from their current seasons. The disease intensity estimates provided for sunflower head and stalk rot ranged between 10% and 60%. - Source: Internet
- Benomyl used as a seed treatment is the only currently registered fungicide on sunflowers in South Africa. Procymidone is registered on soybeans as a spray, but timing of the spray is critical and for sunflowers there are serious economic implications should it ever be registered. As individual florets develop over time, the timing of the spray will be critical as will its length of efficacy. This aspect needs to be thoroughly researched before being included in management systems. - Source: Internet
- The continuous spread of the disease on both sunflowers and soybeans toward the western maize production areas is reason for concern. The inoculum levels may become so high that both these crops may become uneconomical to plant, thus removing the two most important rotation crops in this maize production area. This article will focus on Sclerotinia head and stalk rot of sunflowers. It will be followed by an article on Sclerotinia diseases on soybeans. - Source: Internet
- Plant sunflowers early to avoid wet, cool conditions during flowering so as to reduce head rot infections. Avoid planting sunflowers next to infested fields that could be a source of spores. Plant clean sunflower seed as infected seed may be a primary source of inoculum in uninfected fields. - Source: Internet
- Incidences vary seasonally at a specific locality, depending on planting date and climatic conditions. This seasonal variation is common, but if the disease does not occur in a season at a given locality with a history of Sclerotinia head rot, it cannot be assumed the land is free of disease. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum have been recorded to live up to seven years in the soil; so inoculum may be present waiting for favourable conditions to infect. The disease may again come to the fore the following season should favourable conditions prevail. - Source: Internet
- Sclerotinia stalk rot of sunflowers is not a major threat to sunflower production in South Africa, with isolated plants in a field being infected. In various other sunflower-producing countries, stalk rot is the primary disease caused by this organism. However, Sclerotinia head rot of sunflowers has caused major damage in South Africa, particularly in late-planted crops that ripen in cool, wet conditions. Recently this disease has continued to spread in local sunflower production areas with high incidences – up to 90% – being recorded in fields in the North West Province and northern Free State. - Source: Internet
- Sudden outbreaks of sunflower head rot may result in infestation of lands previously free or with low levels of Sclerotinia. Every season that an epidemic occurs, increases inoculum for the next season until disease levels become so high it becomes uneconomical to plant sunflowers on or near the field. These infestations restrict the producer’s options in terms of alternate crops to be used in rotation systems with maize due to the wide host range infected by Sclerotinia. The infested fields are an increased threat to following sunflower or soybean crops planted in rotation with maize. - Source: Internet
- Since Sclerotinia stalk rot may occur irrespective of weather conditions, inoculum levels may increase annually until conditions are again favourable for Sclerotinia head rot. The suggested norm is to avoid planting sunflowers or other host crops on infested lands for five to eight years. Under local production conditions, this may entail planting maize under monoculture for at least five seasons. Crop rotation with non-hosts will reduce stalk rot more significantly than head rot. Head rot can still develop from wind-borne spores blown in from surrounding areas. - Source: Internet
- These include crops as well as many weed species, which may all serve as alternate hosts for the pathogen. This means that once the disease is in an area or field, it is extremely difficult or almost impossible to eradicate. In some areas such as Mpumalanga, it is one of the primary reasons that sunflowers are no longer a viable alternate crop to maize. - Source: Internet
- Sclerotinia head and stalk rot are a significant threat to the local sunflower industry – particularly in wet seasons. Although there has been a lot of research done on this disease, very few management solutions have been developed. Research on inoculation techniques, tolerance, mechanisms of tolerance, chemical control and timing thereof with use of prediction models and feasibility of biological control systems need to be researched in more detail and the accuracy must be improved. - Source: Internet
- Desiccants resulting in early dry down may be sprayed on infected crops (after physiological maturity but before the levels of Sclerotinia head rot reach damaging levels) to reduce the impact of further development of head rot and sclerotial development (next season’s inoculum). Ensuing weather conditions may influence the efficacy of desiccants as wet weather may favour head rot after the plants have dried due to the affinity of the pathogen for dead tissue. This means that once the plants have dried adequately, harvesting needs to commence immediately. Leaving dried crops on the field will just result in higher disease levels. Future weather conditions need to be forecasted prior to a decision regarding use of desiccants can be made. - Source: Internet
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